Deer (NCAP)
Gophers (NCAP) meaning pocket gophers, not ground squirrels
saferodentcontrol.org discussion and recommendation of alternatives.
Mice and Minimizing Mouse Madness. (Beyond Pesticides) see below
Rats (NCAP)
Voles (NCAP, Journal of Pesticide Reform / Winter 2006 • VOL. 26, NO. 4)
Scientists Develop Nontoxic Method To Deter Rodents from Eating Planted Seeds in Crop Production (Beyond Pesticides, May 23, 2023) Published in the journal Nature Sustainability this month. The new tactic, which confuses mice through olfactory misinformation, has the potential to significantly reduce the use of hazardous rodenticides in farming operations. Scientists recorded 61% fewer mouse diggings on plots pretreated with wheat germ oil during the first week. After germination, diggings were 74% lower on these plots compared to the controls. Those treated at time of planting also saw similarly less mouse damage after one week, though not as significant. Yet by week two, 63% fewer diggings occurred in these plots. The reduction in digging followed alongside similar reductions in lost seedlings.