also see fludioxonil, soils,  Bee Die-off, Sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone, mixture effects, digestive tract/microbiome, Diabetes/Obesity,   legislation/regulatory/USA, resistance, digestive tract/microbiome,  health/low dose effects, children 2, PFAS 

Table 7 Top 10 fungicide active ingredients sold in Canada in 2024 (PMRA sales report 2024 ) 

Active ingredient

• Mancozeb
• Chloropicrin
• Prothioconazole
• Metam-sodium
• Chlorothalonil
• Mineral Oil
• Fenamidone
• Mono- and dibasic sodium, potassium, and ammonium phosphites
• Sulphur
• Propiconazole

More detailed look at some specific triazole  and other fungicides and number of registered products in Canada and (historically):in alphabetical order Note that several contain fluor which means they are PFAs.

• Ametoctradin 4 (from 4)
• Azoxystrobin  58 (from 71) some formulations with Pydiflumetofen and Propiconazole. Known to impair bee development and potentially neurotoxic to humans
• Boscalid  30 (from 31) evidence of endocrine disruption (undergoing assessment), causes mitochondrial damage and proliferation in cancer cells, and is highly toxic to bees and aquatic species
• Bupimirate 0 (0)  Carcinogen Category 2
• Chloropicrin 6 (from 18) First registered in 1966.
• Chlorothalonil  23 (from 69)  First registered in 1967.
• Cyproconazole: 0 (from 0) Another member of the triazole family with broad-spectrum activity. 
• Cyprodinil 10 (from 11) endocrine disrupting. Widely found on conventional strawberries in Europe.
• Dicloran 0 (from 3)
• Difenoconazole: 33 (from 50)  A triazole fungicide with a broad spectrum of activity and good residual control. 
• Fenamidone 2 First registered in 2003
• Fluazinam 15 a PFA breaking down to TFA 
•  Fludioxonil  51 (from 70) Fludioxonil 51 (from 70) used as a seed treatment, a foliar spray and a post-harvest dip to control fungal pathogens on a large number of crops. Endocrine disrupting, PFA, on the EU's more toxic pesticides list. Widely found on conventional strawberries in Europe. A quick check seems to indicate it i used for post-harvest potato and sweet potato treatment in Canada, but not registered for post-harvest strawberries is in Canada.. 
• Fluopyram 21 (from 23) 
• Flusilazole: 0 (from 2) A triazole fungicide used in field crops.
• Flutriafol: 3 Used for controlling various fungal diseases in cereals and other crops.
• Flusilazole: 0 (from 2) A triazole fungicide used in field crops.
• Mancozeb  11 (from 53)  First registered in 1963
• Metam-sodium  12 (from 24) first registered in 1957
• Metconazole: 20 ( from 21) Used for controlling a range of fungal diseases in various crops.
• Myclobutanil: 4 (from 6) A triazole fungicide used for controlling various fungal diseases. 
• Mepanipyrim, 0
• Paclobutrazol: 7 ( from 9).A triazole fungicide, also used as a plant growth regulator .
• Penconazole: 0 (from 0) A triazole fungicide used in various crops. 0 
• Poxiconazole: 0 (from 0) A triazole fungicide used in cereals and other crops 
• Propiconazole: Another commonly used triazole, known for its systemic and protective properties. 63 (from 101) First registered in 1986
• Prothioconazole: A triazolinthione fungicide, known for its broad spectrum and excellent residual activity. 112 (from 117) First registered in 2006
• Pydiflumetofen 21 (from 24)
• Spiroxamine 2 (from 2)
• Tebuconazole: 82 (from 89) A widely used triazole with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungal diseases.
• Tetraconazole: 5 (from 7) A triazole fungicide with good systemic and protective properties. 
• Triadimenol: 0 (from 2). Another triazole fungicide with protective and curative properties.
• Tifloxystrobin 39 (from 47)

​Azoxystrobin, Boscalid, Fludioxonil, Dicloran, Propiconazole and Difenoconazole were among the most detected fungicides on the wristbands among all groups in Europe. All except are currently registered in Canada.

Beyond Pesticides fungicide page

Fraud scandal in EU pesticide approval system has kept neurotoxic pesticide on the market for years Pan europe (pane), 2 July 2026      'The fungicide fluazinam can harm brain development, but this evidence was effectively hidden from regulators for more than a decade- new research from scientists at Stockholm University has revealed.    It is not the first case of regulatory fraud involving pesticides. It should lead to immediate withdrawal of fluazinam pesticide products from the market, legal sanctions for those responsible, and a comprehensive review of how regulatory studies are conducted, reported and assessed.'  A developmental neurotoxicity study conducted in 2003–2004 by the industry-contracted laboratory Huntingdon Life Sciences found major adverse effects on brain development in offspring exposed to the pesticide before birth. Yet the study was never submitted by the manufacturer (ISK Biosciences Europe), who had commissioned it, during fluazinam's 2009 EU renewal process.    When the study was re-examined, researchers identified multiple instances of false reporting and incorrect statistics that masked harmful effects on brain development.   We need 'better pesticide reviews instead of weakening the regulations.'   'Fluazinam is also a PFAS pesticide and emitter of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)- a common breakdown product of PFAS pesticides, which is widely detected in drinking water, groundwater and plant-based food. TFA will soon be classified as ‘toxic to reproduction’ category 1B 2, which means all PFAS pesticides must be banned. Another reason for fluazinam to be taken immediately off the market.' Llink to study in the article..  SNAP Comment: There are 15 pesticide formulations containing Fluazinam currently registered in Canada. 

Fungicide’s Nontarget Harm to Insect Confirms Deficiency in EPA’s Ecological Risk Assessment, Study Finds  (Beyond Pesticides, July 17, 2025) These impacts include potential nontarget harm through adverse developmental and reproductive effects on the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the subject of a peer-reviewed study in Royal Society Open Science. The authors, who studied the organochlorine fungicide chlorothalonil, conclude, “Chlorothalonil exposure decreases larval survival, extends developmental duration and reduces fecundity.” “Even at the lowest tested concentration, chlorothalonil exposure resulted in reduced body weight, ovariole count and egg production compared with non-exposed individuals,” the researchers find.     This specific fungicide was chosen for various reasons, including its wide use across cereals, vegetables, and fruits; evidence linked to adverse health effects on vertebrate and invertebrate species; and the fungicide’s “frequent detection in soil and water bodies near agricultural areas.”      After reviewing studies, the authors determined EPA’s reliance on honey bee data from lab studies focused on LD50 does not accurately capture the threats that pesticides pose in the real world to thousands of other bee species     SNAP Comment: The number of registered pesticides containing chlorothalonil dropped from  69 to 23 in Canada.

Beyond Strobys and Triazoles: How Do Fungicides Work?  1 page poster describing the groups of fungicides and their modes of action. 

Strawberries Lose Their Sweetness, Aroma, and Taste after Being Sprayed with Chemical Fungicides, Study Finds    (Beyond Pesticides, March 1, 2023) 'Fungicides sprayed on chemically farmed strawberries reduce their flavor quality, according to research published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry this week.   Differences in sugar content are not minute, with the difenconazole expressing 10% less fructose, and boscalid group 25% less.  At the same time, levels of titratable acid increase in the fungicide treatments, and display the lowest sugar-acid ratio; the control group expresses the highest.   Treated strawberries show lower levels of flavonoid content and a lower number of total phenols compared to the control. Analysis found evidence that treated strawberries also have higher levels of oxidative stress

Neonicotinoids Combined with Other Pesticides Elevate Hazards to Honey Bee  (Beyond Pesticides, February 22, 2023)   'Among the eight pesticides tested, honey bee toxicity was as follows from most to least toxic: the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate, the carbamate insecticide methomyl, the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides permethrin, and then cypermethrin, the triazole fungicide tetraconazole, and the synthetic pyrethroids cyfluthrin and then esfenvalerate. These results did change based on different treatment lengths, yet thiamethoxam was found to remain the most toxic throughout all studies.  In the study, scientists evaluate a total of 98 different mixtures, from binary combinations of two different chemicals to octonary combinations of all eight different pesticides. Within these tests, approximately 30% of these were found to be synergistic to honey bees, exhibiting toxicity greater than each individual material in the mixture.  Perhaps the most concerning interaction came from combinations that included thiamethoxam and the fungicide tetraconazole. Any variation of pesticide combinations that include these two chemicals have a roughly 55% chance of exhibiting synergistic toxicity to honey bees.'

Common Fungicide Adds to Growing List of Pesticides Linked to Gastrointestinal and Microbiome Damage   (Beyond Pesticides, January 26, 2023) A study published in Food Safety and Toxicology finds that the widely used fungicide azoxystrobin (AZO), used in food production and turf management, can disrupt the function of the intestinal (colonic) barrier responsible for the absorption of nutrients and defense against harmful substances.  The results reveal AZO exposure altered the metabolic profile of microbes in the gut, inducing gut dysbiosis, leading to structural damage of the colon and colonic inflammatory response. Although the L-AZO (low dose) treatment group experiences no changes in body weight compared to the control group, the H-AZO (high dose) treatment group has significantly reduced body weight and weight gain. SNAP comment: 59 Azoxystrobin registered by the PMRA in Canada as of Dec. 2025.

Fungi that Survive Fungicide Use Multiply and Thrive   (Beyond Pesticides, November 22, 2022) 'Fungus that survive a fungicide application may be able to multiply and thrive, putting plant yields at risk. This finding comes from research recently published by scientists at University of Illinois, focusing on the impact of fungicide use on soybean yields and the disease Septoria brown spot, caused by the fungus Septoria glycines. The research underlines the danger of preventive chemical applications in an attempt to protect yield and shows how precarious pesticide use can be when subject to the complexity seen in field conditions.  The takeaway is to not proceed down the path of incessant preventive spraying but instead to reconsider the need for any pesticide application in the context of complex processes occurring on the leaf surface of soybean plants. “But what I’m learning from the study is that we don’t know exactly what we’re doing when we apply fungicides to protect yield. We need to learn more about the unintended effects of chemical applications.” and develop natural bio- alternatives.   “When we applied the fungicide, most of the fungi on plant surfaces decreased,” said Santiago Mideros, PhD, study coauthor and professor at the University of Illinois. “But a few of the fungi increased, Septoria among them. It was very surprising.”    Scientists employed a mixture of the fungicides fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin, which are commonly used throughout the Midwest to manage fungal diseases in soybean crops.'   SNAP Comments: As of 7 December 2022, 22 fluxapyroxad and 53 pyraclostrobin pesticides are registered in Canada.

EPA’s Deficient Pesticide Analysis Contributes to Ecological Decline   (Beyond Pesticides, November 21, 2022) Once again, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has registered a new pesticide without performing a thorough review of its impacts on biodiversity as well as threatened and endangered species. Inpyrfluxam was registered in 2020 and only after being sued by the Center for Biological Diversity for failure to comply with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) did EPA commit to completing draft effects determinations by Fall 2022.   SNAP Comment: As of 7 December, 2022, 9 Inpyrfluxam (a fungicide) are currently registered in Canada. I doubt we did a better job than the US EPA regarding its dangers to biodiversity. 

Pesticide Mixtures Reduce Life Span of Honey Bees, Damage Gut Microbiome    (Beyond Pesticides, November 1, 2022) Study done with field relevant concentrations. 'Honey bees exposed to a combination of multiple pesticides suffer a reduced lifespan and experience adverse changes to their gut microbiome, increasing susceptibility to pathogens and disease. This finding comes from a study published recently in Science of the Total Environment, which examines the interactions between the insecticides flupyradifurone and sulfoxaflor and the fungicide azoxystrobin on honey bee health.   As the present study reveals, pesticide risk assessments do not inadequately capture the range of harm that can result when pesticides are combined, necessitating a shift toward safer, alternative, and regenerative organic farming systems that do not use these dangerous chemicals.For the initial experiment on individual bees, those exposed to flupyradifurone fared the worst, experiencing significantly reduced survival (50% reduction). The addition of azoxystrobin did not significantly add to this effect. However, with sulfoxaflor, it did. Bees subjected to sulfoxaflor and azoxystrobin in combination experienced significantly reduced survival when compared to a sole sulfoxaflor exposure.'     All experimental groups 'show significantly increased abundance of Serratia spp. This rod-shaped bacteria can serious harm honey bee fitness. “These bacteria are pathogenic and harmful to bees’ health,” said Dr. Al Naggar. “They can make it harder for the insects to fight off infection, leading to premature death.”

Fungicide Use Harms Beneficial Soil Life, Jeopardizes Crop Yields  (Beyond Pesticides, October 25, 2022) 'Fungicide use harms soil and jeopardizes crop yields by reducing the prevalence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), according to recent research published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. AMF are important fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plants in both natural and cropland soils, and their presence helps facilitate nutrient uptake, particularly for phosphorus. The natural grassland soils took up 64% more 33P (phosphorus, an essential crop nurient) than soils from the cropland sites. Analysis also finds that AMF richness and microbial biomass was lower in croplands soils by 41% and 29% respectively, with these soils having significantly more available P than in natural grassland soil.  Cropland soils that were not treated with a fungicide had an average P transfer 2.3 times greater than soils that had three fungicide applications over the last year in the study. In fact, P recovery rates decreased in tandem with the number of each additional fungicide application. Unsurprisingly, scientists found evidence for fungicides diminishing AMF richness, thereby reducing P uptake.' This experiment was done of the weed Plantago lanceolata because of its known ability to form associations with a range of different AMF species. Most domesticated crops grown today are not bred to have a symbiotic relationship with AMF.